When dealing with headaches, fevers, muscle pain or cramps, many people immediately reach for painkillers.
These easily available medications can help alleviate discomfort, but knowing which ones to choose can be tricky. And let’s be honest, most of us will use up whatever is at the bottom of our work bag.
Paracetamol, aspirin and ibuprofen are among the most widely used. While they are all effective for pain relief, they each work in a slightly different way and ideally, tackling different symptoms.
And despite their widespread availability, each of these painkillers has specific safety considerations. Not all are suitable for children, and individuals with underlying health conditions should exercise caution when using them.
To help you reach for the right medication, Metro has consulted health experts to explain how each painkiller works and which one you should be taking.
Paracetamol
Paracetamol is one of the most commonly used painkillers available over the counter. It’s typically used to treat general aches, headaches, fevers and mild pain.
It usually takes 30 minutes to start working, and its effects last for around six hours. The typical adult dose is one or two 500mg tablets, with a maximum of eight tablets in 24 hours. For children, it’s often administered in liquid form (such as Calpol), but it should not be given to babies younger than two months unless prescribed by a doctor.
Dr Suzanne Wylie, GP and medical adviser for IQdoctor tells Metro: ‘Paracetamol works primarily as a pain reliever (analgesic) and fever reducer. It does not have significant anti-inflammatory properties, making it a suitable option for general pain relief, such as headaches, mild to moderate muscle aches and fevers associated with colds and flu.
‘It is generally tolerated and can be taken by most people, including pregnant women and children.’
However, she says it’s ‘essential’ to stay within the recommended dose. ‘Taking more than the advised amount can lead to serious health complications such as liver failure.’
Ibuprofen
Ibuprofen is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that works by reducing hormones that cause pain and inflammation in the body.
It’s commonly used for conditions like back pain, muscle strains, period pain, and even cold and flu symptoms.
Ibuprofen typically takes around 20 to 30 minutes to work when taken orally, with its effects lasting around eight hours.
It’s available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and gels that you rub into your skin. It should not be taken for more than 10 days in a row or on an empty stomach. While ibuprofen is generally safe for those aged 17 and over, it is not suitable for everyone.
According to the NHS website, ibuprofen should not be taken by mouth or applied to the skin if you are pregnant or have ever had an allergic reaction or symptoms like wheezing, a runny nose, or skin reactions after taking aspirin, ibuprofen, or other NSAIDs.
Dr Wylie adds: ‘Ibuprofen should be avoided by people with stomach ulcers, kidney disease, or heart conditions, as it can increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and cardiovascular issues.’
Aspirin
Aspirin is another type of NSAID with anti-inflammatory properties. It is often used to relieve mild to moderate pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever.
It typically takes around 20 to 30 minutes to take effect, with its effects lasting approximately four to six hours.
While aspirin can be used for general pain relief, Dr Wylie notes: ‘It is particularly beneficial in inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and can also help prevent blood clots.’
It is also commonly prescribed in low doses to reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
Dr Wylie says: ‘Aspirin should be avoided by children under 16 due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome, and it is not suitable for those with a history of stomach ulcers, bleeding disorders, or aspirin allergies. The usual dose for pain relief is between 300mg and 900mg every 4 to 6 hours, with a maximum of 4g per day.’
She adds: ‘NSAIDs like ibuprofen and aspirin should be taken with food to minimise stomach irritation.’
What type of pain relief should I buy?
When choosing a painkiller, Dr Claire Merrifield, GP and medical director at Selph advises opting for non-branded versions,
She says: ‘The active ingredient of ibuprofen or paracetamol is the same regardless so cheap, non-branded versions are just as effective. You’re only paying for the marketing.’
She also notes that while paracetamol and ibuprofen can be safely taken together, ibuprofen should not be combined with other NSAIDs like aspirin.
Additionally, caution is needed with co-formulated medications such as co-codamol or co-dydramol. ‘These contain paracetamol, so be careful of taking more paracetamol on top,’ she explains.
For those using ibuprofen, she highlights the importance of taking it with food to minimise stomach irritation. Long-term use of NSAIDs for issues like headaches should also be avoided due to the risk of side effects such as stomach inflammation and ulceration.
Dr Wylie adds: ‘While painkillers are an effective way to manage pain, it’s essential to use them responsibly. If symptoms persist, consult a healthcare professional before continuing use.’
Do you have a story to share?
Get in touch by emailing [email protected].
